OOP ABAP: OO-ALV MVC-Architekturimplementierung mit Entwurfsmustern

Eine Integrationsanleitung für das Model-View-Controller (MVC) Entwurfsmuster für erweiterbare und wartbare Unternehmensberichte.

In großen SAP-Projekten macht die Anhäufung von Geschäftslogik, Bildschirmsteuerungen und Datenbankabfragen in einem einzigen ausführbaren Programm (Report) die Wartbarkeit unmöglich. Das auf den Prinzipien von objektorientiertem ABAP (OOP ABAP) basierende Model-View-Controller (MVC) Architekturmuster modularisiert Ihre Berichtsprozesse durch das Prinzip der Trennung der Verantwortlichkeiten (Separation of Concerns). In diesem Leitfaden untersuchen wir eine professionelle OO-ALV-Vorlage, die Datenmanagement, Schnittstellenauslöser und Ereignisverwaltung vollständig isoliert.

💡 Rollenverteilung der MVC-Komponenten

Model (LCL_MODEL): Ist ausschließlich für die Daten verantwortlich. Der Zugriff auf die Datenbankschicht (`SELECT`), die Geschäftslogik (Business Logic) und das Auslösen von BAPI-Prozessen werden in dieser Schicht isoliert.
View (LCL_VIEW): Repräsentiert die Benutzeroberfläche (UI). Es verwaltet visuelle Komponenten wie die Erstellung der `CL_GUI_ALV_GRID`-Instanz, die Feldkatalogverwaltung, Layouteinstellungen und die Definition von Toolbar-Schaltflächen.
Controller (LCL_CONTROLLER): Das Gehirn der Anwendung. Er ist die Brücke zwischen Model und View. Er fängt Programmereignisse (PBO, PAI, Hotspot, Double Click usw.) ab und delegiert den Arbeitsablauf an die entsprechende Klasse.

💻 OO-ALV MVC Entwurfsvorlage

Das unten vorgestellte Framework ist ein vollständiger, kompilierter und getesteter Architekturcode, den Sie direkt als Grundlage verwenden können, um grundlegende Codestrukturen in Ihren Unternehmensprojekten zu vermeiden.

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Report ZDEVELOPMENT_01
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Title     : Template - OO-ALV MVC Architecture Implementation
*&
*&----------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Developer: Harun Ekinci 29.06.2026
*&----------------------------------------------------------------------*
************************************************************************
* H I S T O R Y   O F   R E V I S I O N S
************************************************************************
* Date             Developer           Description
* ---------------  -------------------  -------------------*
* 29.06.2026        Harun Ekinci        New Development
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
REPORT zdevelopment_01.

" -----------------------------------------------------------------------
" INCLUDES
" -----------------------------------------------------------------------
INCLUDE zdevelopment_01_ooalv_mvc_cls. " Class Definitions & Implementations
INCLUDE zdevelopment_01_ooalv_mvc_mod. " PBO & PAI Modules

" -----------------------------------------------------------------------
" INITIALIZATION
" -----------------------------------------------------------------------
INITIALIZATION.
  go_controller = NEW lcl_controller( ).
  go_controller->initialization( ).

" -----------------------------------------------------------------------
" AT SELECTION-SCREEN
" -----------------------------------------------------------------------
AT SELECTION-SCREEN.
  go_controller->at_selection_screen( CHANGING cv_ucomm = sscrfields-ucomm ).

" -----------------------------------------------------------------------
" START-OF-SELECTION
" -----------------------------------------------------------------------
START-OF-SELECTION.
  go_controller->run( iv_bukrs = p_bukrs
                      it_kunnr = s_kunnr[] ).

" -----------------------------------------------------------------------
" END-OF-SELECTION
" -----------------------------------------------------------------------
END-OF-SELECTION.
  IF go_controller->has_data( ) = abap_true.
    CALL SCREEN '9000'.
  ELSE.
    MESSAGE 'No matching data found for the selection criteria!' TYPE 'S' DISPLAY LIKE 'E'.
  ENDIF.

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*& Include          ZDEVELOPMENT_01_OOALV_MVC_CLS
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*

*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
* TABLES & GLOBAL DATA
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
TABLES: bsid, sscrfields.

*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
* SELECTION SCREEN
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF BLOCK b1 WITH FRAME TITLE TEXT-001. " Selection Criteria
PARAMETERS     p_bukrs TYPE bsid-bukrs OBLIGATORY DEFAULT '1000'.
SELECT-OPTIONS s_kunnr FOR  bsid-kunnr.
SELECTION-SCREEN END OF BLOCK b1.

SELECTION-SCREEN FUNCTION KEY 1.

*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
* CLASS DEFINITIONS (Deferred)
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
CLASS lcl_controller DEFINITION DEFERRED.
CLASS lcl_model      DEFINITION DEFERRED.
CLASS lcl_view       DEFINITION DEFERRED.

*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
* GLOBAL CONTROLLER INSTANCE
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
DATA: go_controller TYPE REF TO lcl_controller.

*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
* LCL_MODEL DEFINITION
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
CLASS lcl_model DEFINITION.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    TYPES: BEGIN OF ty_bsid,
             bukrs TYPE bsid-bukrs,
             kunnr TYPE bsid-kunnr,
             belnr TYPE bsid-belnr,
             gjahr TYPE bsid-gjahr,
             blart TYPE bsid-blart,
             bldat TYPE bsid-bldat,
             budat TYPE bsid-budat,
             waers TYPE bsid-waers,
             dmbtr TYPE bsid-dmbtr,
           END OF ty_bsid.
    TYPES tt_bsid TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF ty_bsid WITH EMPTY KEY.
    TYPES tt_kunnr_range TYPE RANGE OF bsid-kunnr.

    DATA: mt_outdat TYPE tt_bsid.

    METHODS: retrieve_data
      IMPORTING iv_bukrs TYPE bsid-bukrs
                it_kunnr TYPE tt_kunnr_range.

    METHODS: post_documents
      IMPORTING it_rows TYPE lvc_t_row
                io_log  TYPE REF TO cl_ptu_message.
ENDCLASS.

*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
* LCL_VIEW DEFINITION
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
CLASS lcl_view DEFINITION.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    DATA  mo_grid       TYPE REF TO cl_gui_alv_grid.

    METHODS constructor    IMPORTING io_controller TYPE REF TO lcl_controller.
    METHODS display_alvdat CHANGING  ct_outtab     TYPE STANDARD TABLE.

    " OO-ALV Events
    METHODS handle_toolbar FOR EVENT toolbar OF cl_gui_alv_grid
      IMPORTING e_object e_interactive.

    METHODS handle_user_command FOR EVENT user_command OF cl_gui_alv_grid
      IMPORTING e_ucomm.

    METHODS handle_double_click FOR EVENT double_click OF cl_gui_alv_grid
      IMPORTING e_row e_column.

    METHODS handle_hotspot_click FOR EVENT hotspot_click OF cl_gui_alv_grid
      IMPORTING e_row_id e_column_id.

    METHODS handle_data_changed FOR EVENT data_changed OF cl_gui_alv_grid
      IMPORTING er_data_changed.

  PRIVATE SECTION.
    DATA: mo_controller TYPE REF TO lcl_controller,
          mo_container  TYPE REF TO cl_gui_custom_container,
          mt_fcat       TYPE lvc_t_fcat.

    METHODS: prepare_fcatdat.
ENDCLASS.

*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
* LCL_CONTROLLER DEFINITION
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
CLASS lcl_controller DEFINITION.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    DATA mo_model TYPE REF TO lcl_model.
    DATA mo_view  TYPE REF TO lcl_view.
    DATA go_log   TYPE REF TO cl_ptu_message.

    METHODS constructor.
    METHODS initialization.
    METHODS at_selection_screen CHANGING cv_ucomm TYPE sy-ucomm.
    METHODS run IMPORTING iv_bukrs TYPE bsid-bukrs
                          it_kunnr TYPE lcl_model=>tt_kunnr_range.
    METHODS has_data RETURNING VALUE(rv_has_data) TYPE abap_bool.
    METHODS render_screen.
    METHODS on_user_command IMPORTING iv_ucomm TYPE sy-ucomm.

    METHODS on_double_click
      IMPORTING iv_row_index TYPE lvc_index
                iv_fieldname TYPE fieldname.

    METHODS on_hotspot_click
      IMPORTING iv_row_index TYPE lvc_index
                iv_fieldname TYPE fieldname.

    METHODS on_data_changed
      IMPORTING ir_data_changed TYPE REF TO cl_alv_changed_data_protocol.
ENDCLASS.

*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
* LCL_MODEL IMPLEMENTATION
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
CLASS lcl_model IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD retrieve_data.
    FREE mt_outdat.

    SELECT bukrs, kunnr, belnr, gjahr, blart, bldat, budat, waers, dmbtr
      FROM bsid
      WHERE bukrs = @iv_bukrs
        AND kunnr IN @it_kunnr
      INTO TABLE @mt_outdat.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD post_documents.
    IF it_rows IS INITIAL OR mt_outdat IS INITIAL.
      RETURN.
    ENDIF.

    LOOP AT it_rows INTO DATA(ls_row).
      ASSIGN mt_outdat[ ls_row-index ] TO FIELD-SYMBOL(<fs_out>).
      IF sy-subrc <> 0.
        CONTINUE.
      ENDIF.

      " Business logic processes or BAPIs can be executed here.
      " Example logging execution:
      " io_log->add_message( iv_msgty = 'S' iv_text = |Document { <fs_out>-belnr } processed successfully.| ).
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
* LCL_VIEW IMPLEMENTATION
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
CLASS lcl_view IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD constructor.
    me->mo_controller = io_controller.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD prepare_fcatdat.
    FREE me->mt_fcat.

    CALL FUNCTION 'LVC_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE'
      EXPORTING
        i_structure_name = 'BSID'
      CHANGING
        ct_fieldcat      = me->mt_fcat
      EXCEPTIONS
        OTHERS           = 3.

    DELETE me->mt_fcat WHERE fieldname <> 'BUKRS' AND fieldname <> 'KUNNR'
                         AND fieldname <> 'BELNR' AND fieldname <> 'GJAHR'
                         AND fieldname <> 'BLDAT' AND fieldname <> 'BUDAT'
                         AND fieldname <> 'BLART' AND fieldname <> 'DMBTR'.

    LOOP AT me->mt_fcat REFERENCE INTO DATA(lr_fcat).
      CASE lr_fcat->fieldname.
        WHEN 'BELNR' OR 'KUNNR'.
          lr_fcat->hotspot = abap_true.
        WHEN 'BLART'.
          lr_fcat->edit    = abap_true.
      ENDCASE.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD display_alvdat.
    IF mo_container IS INITIAL.
      me->prepare_fcatdat( ).

      mo_container = NEW #( container_name = 'CC_CONT' ).
      mo_grid      = NEW #( i_parent = mo_container ).

      SET HANDLER me->handle_toolbar       FOR mo_grid.
      SET HANDLER me->handle_user_command  FOR mo_grid.
      SET HANDLER me->handle_double_click  FOR mo_grid.
      SET HANDLER me->handle_hotspot_click FOR mo_grid.
      SET HANDLER me->handle_data_changed  FOR mo_grid.

      DATA(ls_layout)  = VALUE lvc_s_layo( zebra = 'X' cwidth_opt = 'X' sel_mode = 'A' ).
      DATA(ls_variant) = VALUE disvariant( report = sy-repid ).

      mo_grid->set_table_for_first_display(
        EXPORTING is_variant          = ls_variant
                  is_layout           = ls_layout
        CHANGING  it_fieldcatalog     = me->mt_fcat
                  it_outtab           = ct_outtab ).

      mo_grid->register_edit_event( i_event_id = cl_gui_alv_grid=>mc_evt_modified ).
    ELSE.
      mo_grid->refresh_table_display( i_soft_refresh = 'X' ).
    ENDIF.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD handle_toolbar.
    APPEND VALUE stb_button( function  = 'CREATE'
                             icon      = icon_create
                             text      = 'Create Document'
                             quickinfo = 'New Document Process'
                             butn_type = 0 ) TO e_object->mt_toolbar.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD handle_user_command.
    mo_controller->on_user_command( iv_ucomm = e_ucomm ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD handle_double_click.
    mo_controller->on_double_click( iv_row_index = e_row-index
                                    iv_fieldname = e_column-fieldname ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD handle_hotspot_click.
    mo_controller->on_hotspot_click( iv_row_index = e_row_id-index
                                     iv_fieldname = e_column_id-fieldname ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD handle_data_changed.
    mo_controller->on_data_changed( ir_data_changed = er_data_changed ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
* LCL_CONTROLLER IMPLEMENTATION
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
CLASS lcl_controller IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD constructor.
    me->mo_model = NEW #( ).
    me->mo_view  = NEW #( io_controller = me ).
    me->go_log   = NEW #( ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD initialization.
    sscrfields-functxt_01 = VALUE smp_dyntxt( icon_id   = '@36@'
                                              icon_text = 'Maintenance Screen' ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD at_selection_screen.
    IF cv_ucomm = 'FC01'.
      CALL FUNCTION 'VIEW_MAINTENANCE_CALL'
        EXPORTING
          action                         = 'U'
          view_name                      = 'ZKLM_V_FIORI_USR'
          no_warning_for_clientindep     = 'X'
          generate_maint_tool_if_missing = 'X'.
      EXIT.
    ENDIF.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD run.
    mo_model->retrieve_data( iv_bukrs = iv_bukrs
                             it_kunnr = it_kunnr ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD has_data.
    rv_has_data = xsdbool( lines( mo_model->mt_outdat ) > 0 ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD render_screen.
    mo_view->display_alvdat( CHANGING ct_outtab = mo_model->mt_outdat ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD on_user_command.
    CASE iv_ucomm.
      WHEN 'CREATE'.
        " Reset logging messages
        go_log->delete_messages( ).

        IF mo_view->mo_grid IS BOUND.
          mo_view->mo_grid->get_selected_rows( IMPORTING et_index_rows = DATA(lt_selected_rows) ).
        ENDIF.

        IF lt_selected_rows IS INITIAL.
          MESSAGE 'Please select rows to process!' TYPE 'E' DISPLAY LIKE 'I'.
          RETURN.
        ENDIF.

        mo_model->post_documents( it_rows = lt_selected_rows
                                  io_log  = go_log  ).

        render_screen( ).
    ENDCASE.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD on_double_click.
    CHECK iv_row_index > 0.
    IF NOT line_exists( mo_model->mt_outdat[ iv_row_index ] ).
      RETURN.
    ENDIF.

    MESSAGE |Row: { iv_row_index } Column: { iv_fieldname }| TYPE 'I'.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD on_hotspot_click.
    CHECK iv_row_index > 0.
    ASSIGN mo_model->mt_outdat[ iv_row_index ] TO FIELD-SYMBOL(<ls_data>).
    CHECK sy-subrc = 0.

    CASE iv_fieldname.
      WHEN 'BELNR'.
        SET PARAMETER ID 'BLN' FIELD <ls_data>-belnr.
        SET PARAMETER ID 'BUK' FIELD <ls_data>-bukrs.
        SET PARAMETER ID 'GJR' FIELD <ls_data>-gjahr.
        CALL TRANSACTION 'FB03' AND SKIP FIRST SCREEN.
      WHEN 'KUNNR'.
        SET PARAMETER ID 'KUN' FIELD <ls_data>-kunnr.
        CALL TRANSACTION 'FD03' AND SKIP FIRST SCREEN.
    ENDCASE.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD on_data_changed.
    LOOP AT ir_data_changed->mt_good_cells ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL(<ls_cell>).
      ASSIGN mo_model->mt_outdat[ <ls_cell>-row_id ] TO FIELD-SYMBOL(<ls_data>).
      IF sy-subrc = 0.
        CASE <ls_cell>-fieldname.
          WHEN 'BLART'.
            DATA(lv_old_value) = <ls_data>-blart.
            <ls_data>-blart = <ls_cell>-value. " Update model data
            MESSAGE |[Cell Change] Row: { <ls_cell>-row_id } | &
                    |Old: { lv_old_value } -> New: { <ls_cell>-value }| TYPE 'S'.
        ENDCASE.
      ENDIF.
    ENDLOOP.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*&  Include           ZDEVELOPMENT_01_OOALV_MVC_MOD
*&---------------------------------------------------------------------*

*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
* OUTPUT MODULE (PBO - Screen 9000)
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
MODULE status_9000 OUTPUT.
  SET PF-STATUS '9000'.
  SET TITLEBAR '9000'.
  IF go_controller IS BOUND.
    go_controller->render_screen( ).
  ENDIF.
ENDMODULE.

*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
* INPUT MODULE (PAI - Screen 9000)
*----------------------------------------------------------------------*
MODULE user_command_9000 INPUT.
  CASE sy-ucomm.
    WHEN '&BACK' OR '&EXIT' OR '&CANCEL'.
      LEAVE TO SCREEN 0.
  ENDCASE.
ENDMODULE.

🚀 Tipps zur Unternehmensarchitektur

Auflösung von Ereignisabhängigkeiten: Der SET HANDLER-Block im Entwurf verknüpft ALV-Ereignisse direkt mit der View-Klasse. Die View-Klasse leitet die eingehende Aktion wiederum über ihre parametrische Referenz (`mo_controller`) an die Controller-Schicht weiter und sorgt so für eine lose Kopplung (loose-coupling).
Dynamische Datenänderungsverfolgung (on_data_changed): Das Ereignis data_changed, das bei Aktivierung der zellbasierten Bearbeitung (`edit = abap_true`) ausgelöst wird, erfasst die vom Benutzer eingegebenen neuen Werte sofort aus der mt_good_cells-Matrix und aktualisiert direkt die interne Tabelle (`mt_outdat`) im Model. Dadurch bleiben die UI- und Datenschichten immer synchron.

Verpassen Sie nicht den neuen Code in der Bibliothek!

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